I always have and I think I always will be convinced that to be a Christian and to truly seek first the Kingdom of Heaven is to be social-justice oriented and to act out the love of God to neighbors and enemies alike. This is the heart of the gospel for me. Having said that, I’ve been pondering this a bit as I read the contribution by my former professor Mark Vitalis Hoffman on WorkingPreacher.org for the weekend of July 31. Dr. Vitalis Hoffman (VH1 to his students) has, both in class and in this post, made the connection between the gospels and Dostoyevsky’s work The Brothers Karamazov, specifically the story of the Grand Inquisitor. I read his commentary on the feeding of the five thousand and finally read the entire story of the Grand Inquistor, and that is what prompted these ponderings.
First, a brief primer: The feeding of the five thousand, for VH1, like the story of Jesus’ first temptation in the wilderness (Matt 4.1-11) is not so much about bread as it is about God’s abundance and compassion and relationship with humankind. Dostoyevsky’s tale draws specifically from the wilderness temptations to make observations/explanations for the behavior of the Roman Catholic Church and especially the Inquisition. VH1 uses this story to make sense of the gospel story about the feeding and how it is different from a typical miracle story.
When Jesus resist’s the tempter’s offer to turn the stones into bread in the wilderness, he is not merely resisting the temptation to feed himself (and take responsibility for his own well-being rather than trust in the Father), but is in fact resisting the temptation to feed all humanity and buy their allegiance for his ability to miraculously give bread. Jesus himself says in John’s gospel “You will always have the poor with you…” and it has proven to be true. As long as humans have organized themselves in societies and cultivated and distributed resources, someone has always been without. We have no reason to think it should ever change. The feeding story (which appears in all four gospels) is motivated primarily for Jesus’ compassion for these folks, the have-nots of his time. Mark even says, “He had compassion on them, for they were like sheep without a shepherd.” God loves these people and desires them to eat their fill. Yet, it is not Jesus himself who feeds them: instead he commands the disciples to do that part. He blesses and breaks the bread, but it is the disciples who distribute it, feed the crowd, and collect the left-overs (12 baskets full!). Jesus loves, and that love manifests itself in Jesus’ workers caring for their neighbors.
In John’s gospel, the evangelist specifically mentions that because of this miracle, the people seek to take him and make him king by force, a “Bread King” as VH1 calls him (John 6.14). This is also what the tempter is offering in the wilderness. As Dostoyevsky puts it, “But seest Thou these stones in this parched and barren wilderness? Turn them into bread, and mankind will run after Thee like a flock of sheep, grateful and obedient, though for ever trembling, lest Thou withdraw Thy hand and deny them Thy bread.” If Jesus were to accept the tempter’s offer, he would have the undying obedience of a hungry world. For even today, when we are entirely capable of feeding every man, woman and child in the world with the food we produce, tens of millions of people are not guaranteed enough food to survive. Anyone who could guarantee that would be able to rule the world.
By suggesting that Jesus turn the stones to bread, the tempter is offering him the world. Jesus refuses because he does not want allegiance that has been bought and paid for, but allegiance that is freely given—in other words: love. After all, Jesus himself says that he has come to set people free (John 8.31-32). And, this is precisely what happens in John 6: he has fed the people, and they seek to make him king because of it.
Instead of allowing them to do this, Jesus turns the conversation to “food that endures for eternal life.” He does not want to be a Bread King now any more than he did in the wilderness; that was never God’s aim. God instead intends to nourish our souls, in spite of whatever difficulties we face in the world, to be not a Bread King, but a true King.
Dostoyevsky’s Grand Inquisitor has other ideas. In short, the Inquisitor argues that by giving humanity their freedom, God has sentenced them to suffering and unhappiness because in spite of our rebellious nature, we are constantly seeking someone to worship. He posits that a few should take the burden of absolute leadership, telling people what is right and wrong, how to act and think and behave, and that this would make them truly happy. Then, he says, they would not be burdened with figuring all these things out for themselves. He makes a quite convincing point based on history, and I’ll not try to recap it here. In the end, he says that these few will sacrifice their own happiness out of love for humanity in order to make the rest of them happy. “And so, convinced [that this is the way to make people happy], [the Inquisitor] sees that he must follow the counsel of the wise spirit [the tempter in the wilderness], the dread spirit of death and destruction, and therefore accept lying and deception, and lead men consciously to death and destruction, and yet deceive them all the way so that they may not notice where they are being led, that the poor blind creatures may at least on the way think themselves happy.” This happiness does not offer the rewards that the Kingdom of Heaven offers, but it does offer contentment and happiness now. He offers them the bread that fills the belly, knowing that he cannot give them the Bread of Life. He believes that the full belly is more important.
God’s love, however, extends beyond bread, beyond the full belly. Jesus says, “I am the bread of life. Your ancestors ate the manna in the wilderness, and they died. This is the bread that comes down from heaven, so that one may eat of it and not die.” The Inquisitor may be right, that people will follow anyone who can feed them, but God knows that bread is not all we need. Bread, like the manna, will only sustain us for so long. What sort of God would only give us what we want and not what God knows we need?
So, how am I to regard this? As a conscientious Christian, I believe I am called, with the disciples, to feed the hungry, to clothe the naked, to speak for the voiceless, and to stand up for the oppressed. Yet, ultimately, these things are bread; vital to life, but not of lasting importance. It is the extreme of this reasoning which prompted Karl Marx’s famous observation that “religion is the opiate of the masses,” the pie-in-the-sky hopes of a better future which allows the bourgeoisie to exploit the proletariat now. I would agree: if all religion can offer is hope that “it gets better” without actually working for change now, then it is no better than a drug that lets people escape reality and ignore their problems for a short while.
However, VH1, Dostoyevsky, the gospel writers and Jesus all agree: bread is not the answer, a full belly is not the goal. In spite of Jesus’ assertion about the poor, it is well within our power to feed the world. We have the capability, and it is not beyond imagination that we might one day be able to do it. If we should accomplish this, what need have we for God? If social justice is the only aim and goal of the Church, we might as well be a social organization, an Easter Seals or a Habitat for Humanity. These organizations are vital and good, but they are not the Church. The Church’s aim and goal should bring the love of God to life. This love, if it is true, means caring for the body as Jesus did when he fed the crowds, cast out demons and healed the sick, but it also so much more. Contrary to the beliefs of the Grand inquisitor, Jesus knows that bread will never fill us. The sticky bit is suggesting that perhaps some or even all of the suffering and wanting in this world is worth the Bread of Life. Is it? Or is it a giant cop-out on the question of theodicy and social justice?
At the end of Matthew’s account of the feeding miracle, the people do nothing. It’s almost as if no one noticed! If there was a response, the author did not think it important enough to mention. What the evangelist does mention, however, are 1) Jesus’ compassion as the driving force behind the feeding, 2) his command that “YOU give them something to eat,” 3) and that there are 12 baskets of leftovers. God’s compassion is abundant, God’s love is abundant, but feeding people bread is not God’s job, it’s ours. And yet, it’s not even our only job. Remember why the crowds were there: Mark and Luke record that Jesus was teaching and preaching. He was bringing the good news of the Kingdom of Heaven. Matthew and John record that he was doing signs and curing the sick, and all record that it was Jesus’ compassion which drove him to do all these things. The crowds, whether they were there for the signs or for the bible studies, were drawn by Jesus’ love.
This is our goal and aim: to love as we have been loved. John record’s Jesus’ command “that you love one another. Just as I have loved you, you also should love one another.” Just as Jesus loved: both spiritually and physically. We must give bread, but we also must remember the Bread we cannot give. To Christians who focus too much on the bread, as I sometimes do, I suggest that perhaps we are paying too much attention to stones. And to Christians who focus too much on the Bread, I suggest that Jesus words, “YOU give them something to eat,” perhaps still ought to ring in our ears.
Posted in Bible, religion, social justice, theology
Tags: Bible, Christianity, evangelism, evil, God, gospel, Jesus, love, social justice, theodicy